On mediascapes and landscapes: filtering, public space, and serendipity
It is often argued that centrally and corporately controlled mass media limit serendipitous discovery, but on further inspection, in appears to be more a matter of degree. In “The Daily Me”, the first chapter of his book Republic.com, Cass Sunstein lays out a continuum from the completely uncurated to the individually filtered, with the mass media, offering curated content ranging from general interest to esoteric, situated somewhat centrally. He makes a rather compelling analogy between serendipitous encounters with content, when unfiltered by the consumer, and serendipitous encounters with people, situations, and environments in public space. I suggest that, just as public space is designed to afford particular types of interaction, so, too, are our mediascapes designed, with producers and editors playing the roles of urban planner and architect.
The design of public space serves to provide the initial conditions to a complex system of interaction that, if well designed, encourages the emergence of some set of behaviors or norms. Although the environment is designed and certain types of interaction may be preferred by the designer, behavior itself is still dictated by the collective behavior of individual agents; the role of the designer is merely to provide an environment that is more or less conducive to serendipitous interaction. Individuals can choose to frequent some places while avoiding others based on preference, but by virtue of its complex nature, public space must afford some degree of serendipity.
Like an individual navigating public space, an individual may choose to frequent some media outlets while avoiding others, usually because of a preference for a choice made by one producer or editor over that made by another. In deciding which individual pieces of content to publish, producers are creating an environment that offers a greater degree of uniformity or variety, offering a greater or lesser amount of exposure to content that readers or viewers may not have chosen for themselves in an individually filtered environment.
Just as urban planners an architects make decisions that impact the interaction within the spaces they design, through the decisions they make as filters, producers and editors can choose the extent to which the media environments they design afford serendipitous content discovery.
Another small-world internet story
A long time ago
In a signal processing course I took back in my Electrical Engineering days, we were given an audio clip of then-Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev’s translator issuing the following phrase:
But we too, as you know, don’t kill flies with our nostrils.
NPR’s Talk of the Nation did a segment around that time on phrases that don’t translate well, and I submitted the audio clip. It got read on the air a few days later.
This past weekend
This past weekend I went skiing in northern Michigan with some friends from school. Among them was a winter-admit student who is just starting this semester.
Today
I randomly decided to search for that old Khrushchev phrase to see if there was any more info about it out on the internet. Searching for the exact phrase in quotation marks returned only one result: a tumblr page on which someone had posted the quote.
It turns out that tumblr page belongs to the girl I met this weekend. This is not the first time such a thing has happened to me, but it’s still crazy.
On Interruptions: Theory and Practice
This past week, I was given the assignment of conducing a brief lit review of HCI research on interruptibility. I was asked to comment and critique the work, and give my own suggestions for future directions for research.
Part I: Gone
I’ve traditionally been a pretty interruptible person: I get Growl notifications when I receive new emails and tweets, I get push notifications on my phone of Twitter mentions and direct messages, and my phone is always on me, subjecting me to potential phone calls and SMS messages. On top of that, I have a work-to-“reward surfing” ratio that is probably approaching 1.25-to-1 (although I haven’t done any work to confirm this with Slife or RescueTime). It’s pretty bad.
Partly so I could finish the paper in a reasonable amount of time, partly as an experiment in uninterruptibility, and partly to prove to myself that I wasn’t addicted to the constant stimulation of communications and information technology (“I could quit if I wanted to…I just don’t want to.”), I decided to take myself entirely off the networked communications grid for a large block of time.
I had toyed with this tactic before, abstaining from email and Twitter for 30 or 60 minutes at a time, but addictive behavior suffers from a slippery slope problem, so I inevitably was able to rationalize leaving Mail.app open in the background, convinced its interruptions would be negligible, which is, of course, a fantasy.
And so: my phone was in airplane mode in my bag; everything but the Airport, volume, keyboard (I use Dvorak), and Dropbox menu extras were gone, including the clock; Growl was stopped; the hot corner for Dashboard was disabled; the only apps I had running were Preview (gotta read), Pages (gotta write), and Safari (gotta find what to read); browsing was allowed for the sole purpose of finding and downloading academic papers, which meant primarily the university and ACM libraries. The goal was to block out any external information not directly related to the completion of the paper. I still kept approximate time, but the old fashioned way: by the clock tower.
And so I read and wrote, from 8:15 to 17:15. (Ok, I had lunch.) And the incredible thing was: it wasn’t that hard! By setting explicit rules up front rather than allowing myself to decide when I’d “earned” a break, I was able to stick to it because I gave myself no option, no opportunity to start sliding down that slippery slope. If the temptation to check something arose — which was surprisingly infrequently — I was able to refrain because I knew how angry I would be with myself later.
Another observation about this experience is that by not subjecting the mind to a constant bombardment of information, it is able to stay calmer and quieter, which, as I know because of the sabbath, can be incredibly refreshing.
Summary: it is possible to disappear for a day, it is a very productive tactic, and it feels very rewarding.
Part II: Supply-Side Interruptions
I read four studies on interruptibility (three from ACM/SIGCHI, one from ASIS&T). I also read two essays on the subject: a wonderful work by David Kirsh aptly titled A Few Thoughts on Cognitive Overload, and the classic chapter from Yoshiro Miyata and Don Norman, Psychological Issues in Support of Multiple Activities.1
I came to the following rather disheartening conclusion: the current vein of HCI research into interruptibility and notification ignores a substantial body of work, including some by the very authors I take issue with, that suggests that in order to be truly productive, people need uninterrupted blocks of time that are at least 15 minutes long; some say up to two hours. Yet the systems they are devising and testing, the aim of which is to delay interrupting notifications until appropriate “break points”, delay on the order of just 90 seconds. While there is some evidence to suggest that this might be helpful, I feel the real issue lies elsewhere, and is being ignored by the HCI community.
The demands that social norms have placed on users have led them to believe they are more capable of handling interruptions than they really are, and they expect their computing environments to satisfy that belief. Under the current interruption regime, people are never given a chance to engage in Miyata and Norman’s task-driven processing (a state in which a person is so engrossed in an activity that they essentially block out all external stimuli); an entire generation has been groomed to be entirely interrupt driven (a state in which a person is very sensitive to external stimuli, i.e., easily distractible), and until interruptions start coming at a much slower rate, people will continue to suffer from an inability to complete tasks uninterrupted.
While I can appreciate what the current work is trying to accomplish — making interruption more manageable and palatable — there is a failure to recognize that there are two sides to the HCI equation: human and computer. It is unquestionably easier to engineer computers than it is to engineer humans, yet the human mind has adapted, albeit for the worse, to the demands placed on it by computers, and those of us in the HCI field must take more drastic action to begin to reverse the chaotic, interrupt-driven, anxiety-laden demands placed on all of us by increasingly pervasive networked computing.
What is needed is a paradigm shift from purely technical solutions to the problem of interruption to one that also helps get at the root, social cause of the issue. Just because I can check my email while in the shower does not mean that I should, that I should want to, or that I should be expected to. This last point, social expectation, is what drives technical innovation. Perhaps it is time to push back the other way.
- References available upon request. [↩]
You’re majoring in control surfaces‽
First things first: yes, that is an interrobang.
Last week I worked tech for a student-produced (MUSKET) musical, Kiss of the Spider Woman — quite a good show, I might add — at the Power Center. It was really great to be back in theatre, and especially great to be back behind a board. The fact that, as a sound guy, it was the “wrong” board, the light board, was irrelevant; it was a lot of fun.
With just a few quick stints in between, it was really the first time I’d done any theatre tech work since high school, and this time I looked at everything with a very different eye: the eye of an HCI student.
Trying to explain what studying “information” means to the uninitiated has always proved challenging, and explaining it to my fellow theatre techs was no different. What I ended up saying that I study user interface design. Overhearing this from across the empty auditorium, one of the lighting guys made an obvious, but not-so-obvious, jump, shouting, “You’re majoring in control surfaces‽”
“Well,” I thought, “from his perspective, yes.” So much of what we study in school is limited to on-screen interactions, be they in traditional software, web applications, or mobile applications, that input devices have been relegated to a single day’s worth of discussion in one class. This pushes more complex input devices, like control surfaces, way out into the periphery. But there it was: I’m majoring in control surfaces. Brilliant.
This realization got me started thinking about the control surface with which I am most familiar: the analog mixing console. This is truly an elegant device, with one channel strip for each input channel, and each channel strip laid out as the signal flows: preamp gain at the top, then processing, routing, and finally level. These are then mixed together and sent to the outputs.
Then along came digital. Sure, they can have a much higher input density, and the power to run dozens of mixes from one board is very cool, but it comes at a significant cost to usability. Wikipedia agrees:
Analog consoles remain popular due to their continuing to have one knob, fader or button per function, a reassuring feature for the user. This takes up more physical space but allows more rapid response to changing performance conditions. Most digital mixers take advantage of the technology to reduce the physical space requirements of their product, entailing compromises in user interface such as a single shared channel adjustment area that is selectable for only one channel at a time. Additionally, most digital mixers have virtual pages or layers which change the fader banks into separate controls for additional inputs or for adjusting equalization or aux send levels. This layering can be confusing for operators.
The reason, I believe, for many of these usability problems is that much as computers rely on a nested-folder analogy to manage files and have only recently begun to take advantage of their digital nature by using tags (think Gmail’s Labels), digital mixing consoles are using the analog mixing console as an analogy for digital signals.
This point was really driven home when the lighting designer explained to me that the market leader in moving light consoles has been uncontested for ten years because its designers gave serious thought to what makes moving lights different from conventional lights, and what designers and operators need to do to accomplish their goals; in other words, user-centered design.
I don’t know what the answer is, but I believe that some fundamentally different way of handling large volumes (pun intended) of audio channels in a reasonably sized board is lurking just out of reach.
Announcing Grammar Fail(ure) — grammarfail.com
In the wake of Monday’s horrible “grammar fail” sighting, I am pleased to announce Grammar Fail(ure), based on the social CMS Pligg!
Post your sightings, vote up new contributions, and discuss grammatical errors.
Weird brain typing thing
I was trying to type the word “without”, and without paying attention I typed “within”. I didn’t notice it till I went back to proofread. Is the word “in” stored in neurons near the word “out” or something?
I’m pretty sure that type of “proximity typo” has happened to me before, too. Why does that happen?
Photoshop in the Real World
My dad just emailed me this cool picture of Photoshop in the “real world”.
It’s interesting because it’s cool, but from an HCI perspective it also drives home the importance of affordances: you don’t just pick a tool, you actually grab it and use it; you don’t just choose a color, you actually dip your brush in it.
Proxyless Domain Proxy
The Premise
I have a site for a school project that I’m hosting on a school server. I want to keep it hosted there for reliability/accountability reasons (i.e. if their servers go down on the day of a presentation it’s their fault; if I use my discount host, it’s my fault), but I’d like to use a custom domain.
Neither school nor my host seem to allow proxies (RewriteRule ^/~nliebman(.*)$ http://localchi\.com$1 [P] doesn’t work), so there had to be a different solution.
The Solution
First I need to credit this to pippo over at Dev Shed.
Rather than having Apache rewrite the school URL to my own URL, the trick is to have PHP do all the work, and simply rewrite the PHP file’s URL (on my server) to show the filename from the school server.
On my server, I created the following PHP file, called getRemote.php:
<?php readfile( "http://projects.si.umich.edu/~nliebman/".$_SERVER[ 'REQUEST_URI' ] ); ?>
Then, I added this rule to my .htaccess:
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !/getRemote.php [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ /getRemote.php [L]
I didn’t need to touch anything on the school server. I do take a performance hit since my server needs to get the content from the school server before serving it to me, but it’s pretty light-weight stuff, so it’s worth it for the pretty URL.
Twitter…
I am now on Twitter as Noleli. Truly, I have no idea why.
The Non-Distracting Nature of Notifications
I had long assumed that notifications, like those served up by Growl, would be distracting. After all, how should I be able to concentrate while being bombarded with pretty little updates on everything from what song just started playing to what that latest IM said to how many new articles NetNewsWire has decided to throw in my face?
Ok, I admit that the NetNewsWire notifications are distracting (I’ll turn them off as soon as I’m done writing this post), but most of them aren’t so bad. There is one, though, that I have found, somewhat counterintuitively, to actually be conducive to staying focused: the new email notification.
The reason is that even without Growl notifications I’m going to be made aware of any new email by the dock icon badge. That is what makes it impossible to ignore. The vast majority of the email I receive is not important, but what if this one is? The curiosity is just too much to handle, and the act of stopping what I’m doing to check that new email is very disruptive. With a notification that tells me the sender, subject, and first little bit of the body, though, without even moving my mouse or stopping what I’m doing I know that I can safely ignore that email.
Who knew that more information could actually help keep you focused?
